6^-^ 






LETTERS 

OF 



'I George Washington 



TO 



George and James Clinton 



A Collection of thirty-Jive Letters^ of which 

twenty- six are Unpublished^ together 

with Washington's Waji Map of 

New York and New Jersey 




NEW YORK 

Jointly owned and offered for sale by George 

H. Richmond and by The New York 

Co-operative Society, 358 Fifth Avenue 




liiiiik - n^^ 



PRESENTED B\ 



/ 



f^0.^fi. 



iHlU.. 



THE 

WASHINGTON-CLINTON 

LETTERS 



ONE HUNDRED SPECIAL COPIES OF THIS 

CATALOGUE HAVE BEEN PRINTED, 

OF WHICH THIS IS 

NO O^ 



LETTERS 

OF 

George Washington 

TO 

George and James Clinton 



A, Collection of thirty-Jive Letters^ of which 

twenty-six are Unpublished, together 

with Washington's War Map of 

New York and New Jersey 




NEW YORK 

Jointly owned and offered for sale by George 

H. Richmond and by The Neiv York 

Co-operative Society, 358 Fifth Avenue 



.ya9 



•v\.U. ta-t^u/utiPM^ 5 eft 



PREFATORY NOTE 

A LITTLE MORE than half a century ago 
the Legislature of the State of New York 
purchased the ''Public Papers of George Clinton, 
First Governor of New York,'' publishing them 
many years later in six thick volumes. The late 
George W. Clinton of Buffalo, editor-in-chief of 
these manuscripts and documents, after a most 
thorough investigation made this significant state- 
ment: " Several letters of . Washington to George 
Clinton are wanting; of which I especially regret 
the absence of one or two in which it seems he must 
have stated some grand] movement he had in con- 
templation against the enemy, but which is not 
disclosed in George Clinton's answers assuring 
him of hearty and strong co-operation." 

In this connection the Neio York State Historian, 
in his preface to " The Clinton Papers," falls into a 
serious error in stating that " The missing letters 
of Washington have, with two or three exceptions, 
been secured by the State Historian from the corre- 
spondence of the statesmen of the time, as published 
by Messrs. George P. Putnam's Sons, New York." 
As a matter of fact, although the contents of a few 
of these letters have been ascertained in this man- 
5 



neVy the whereabouts of the originals, as well as the 
contents of the majority of the series, was only 
recently revealed by the death of Wm. S. Appleto7iy 
a Boston collector, and the consequent public auc- 
tion of his library. 

Not only are many letters of Washington to 
George Clinton missing in the six Clinton volumes, 
but also many equally interesting letters of the 
Commander-in-Chief to Brigadier-General James 
Clinton are conspicuously absent. These letters to 
the two famous brothers were in many cases inter- 
related, bearing upon campaigns and actions in 
which both the Clintons played prominent parts. 
Strange to say, when this collection was recently 
offered at auction in the Appleton Sale in Boston, 
the catalogue made no mention of the fact that these 
letters with few exceptions, are ENTIRELY UN- 
PUBLISHED — the very series that is missing 
from the Clinton papers owned by New York State. 
This ignorance on the part of the auctioneers was 
apparently shared by all the bidders present, in- 
cluding ourselves, or these letters would have soared 
in price; nor, had we then possessed the full knowl- 
edge that is now ours, should we have allowed a 
single unpublished letter to escape us. As it was, 
George H. Richmond was the largest purchaser, 
while the New York Co-operative Society came 
second. In view of this fact, the suggestion was 
made that we should put our purchases together, and 
offer the letters as a collection. This was agreed 
6 



to, and subsequent research of both Washington and 
Clinton material absolutely established the character 
of our find. We then proceeded to buy from other 
dealers as many as possible of the letters that we had 
not bid in at the sale, thus obtaining all excepting 
five of the entire Clintcm series. Of the thirty-five 
letters now in our possession, items numbered VI, 
XIX, XXI, XXVII, and XXXV have been en- 
tirely published, and items numbered IV, VII, 
XXIII, and XXXIII mainly published, the in- 
teresting postscripts of these four letters remain- 
ing unpublished. THE OTHER TWENTY- 
SIX LETTERS HAVE NEVER BEEN 
PRINTED, AND FORM AN UNPUB- 
LISHED SERIES OF HISTORIC REVO- 
LUTIONARY MANUSCRIPTS SUCH AS 
MAY NEVER BE MET WITH AGAIN. 
As will be found from the following pages, these 
letters supply a lost chapter in the story of that event 
of paramount importance in the history of the world 
— the American Revolution. It is a chapter written 
by the chief actor in that great drama. It throws a 
stronger light than ever upon the many-sided char- 
acter of George Washington: it shows his caution, 
coupled with boldness; his unfaltering zeal for the 
American cause, his bravery and brilliancy, his 
watchfulness and mastery of detail — in a word it 
gives a perfect picture of the '* Father of his Coun- 
try.'" These letters enlighten several dark places in 
the history of [those troublous times and are valu- 
7 



able as helping to complete a story that cannot be 
too often, too fully, or too truthfully told. 

All these letters were dictated and signed by Wash- 
ington. The body of many of them is in THE 
AUTOGRAPH OF ALEXANDER HAMIL- 
TON and of Col. David Humphreys. The col- 
lection contains so very much of interest that it 
seems invidious to particularize, yet special atten- 
tion may be called to Letters X-XVII, inclusive, 
which constitute an unpublished series having to 
do with the successful Sullivan-Clinton expedition 
against the Indians, after the Cherry Valley mas- 
sacre; Letter XX, which is probably the lengthiest 
unpublished important war letter of Washington in 
existence; Letter XXXIII, Washington's notable 
appeal to the Governors of the States; and Letter 
XXXV, the famous " Newburgh Address,'* com- 
posed by Washington when he retired from com- 
mand of the army. 

The map of New York and New Jersey used by 
Washington, and bearing many notes in his auto- 
graph, is described at length later in this catalogue. 
It comes from the same source, and is offered to- 
gether with these letters. 

Special notes and references in connection with 
the individual letters will be found in the catalogue 
for the convenience of any collector who may wish 
to purchase this series with a view to their edit- 
ing and publication. To avoid confusion, George 
Clinton will be alluded to as "Governor" and 
8 



James as ''General,'' although both brothers held 
the rank of'Br igadier- General. ' ' It should further 
be noted that the letters are in remarkably good 
conditiouy several displaying Washington's seal. 

G. S. H. 

This collection may be seen and price 
ascertained, on application to 

GEORGE H. RICHMOND, 

358 Fifth Avenue, New York, 

OR 

THE NEW YORK CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY, 

358 Fifth Avenue, New York. 



GEORGE CLINTON 

Brigadier-General in the Revolution, Gov- 
ernor OF New York State, Vice-Presi- 
dent OF THE United States 

George Clinton was born in Little Britain, 
Ulster County, N. Y., in 1739, and died in Wash- 
ington in 1812. On his return from a privateer- 
ing cruise in 1758, he accompanied his father 
and brother James in the expedition against Fort 
Frontenac as a lieutenant, and on the disbanding 
of the colonial forces he studied in the law-office 
of Wilham Smith, and settled in his birthplace, 
receiving shortly afterward a clerkship from the 
colonial governor. Admiral George Clinton, a 
connection of the family. He was elected in 
1768 to the New York Assembly, where he so reso- 
lutely maintained the cause of the colonies against 
the Crown that on April 22, 1775, he was elected 
by the New York Provincial Convention one of the 
delegates to the second Continental Congress, tak- 
ing his seat on May 15th. He did not vote on the 
question of independence, as the members of the 
New York Provincial Congress, which he repre- 
sented, did not consider themselves authorized 
10 



to instruct their delegates to act on that ques- 
tion. They purposely left it to the new Provincial 
Congress, which met at White Plains, July 8, 1776, 
and which, on the next day, passed unanimously a 
resolution approving of the declaration. Clinton 
was likewise prevented from signing the declara- 
tion with the New York delegation on July 15th by 
receiving on the 7th of that month an imperative 
call from Washington to take post in the High- 
lands, with rank as general of militia. In the 
spring of 1777 he was a deputy to the New York 
Provincial Congress, which framed the first State 
constitution, but was again called into the field by 
Congress, and appointed March 25, 1777, a briga- 
dier-general in the Continental army. Assisted by 
his brother James, he made a brilhant, though un- 
successful defense, October 6, 1777, of the High- 
land forts, Clinton and Montgomery, against Sir 
Henry Clinton. He was chosen first governor of 
the State, April 20, 1777, and in 1780 was re-elected 
to the ofiice, which he retained by successive 
elections until 1795. From the period of his first 
occupation of the gubernatorial chair until its final 
relinquishment he exhibited great energy of char- 
acter, and in the defense of the State rendered 
important services, both in a civil and military 
capacity. In 1780 he thwarted an expedition, led 
by Sir John Johnson, Brant, and Corn planter, into 
the Mohawk Valley, and thus saved the settlers 
from the horrors of the torch and scalping-knife. 
11 



He was active in preventing encroachments on the 
territory of New York by the settlers of the New 
Hampshire grants, and was largely instrumental 
with Timothy Pickering in concluding, after the 
war, lasting treaties of peace with the Western In- 
dians. In 1783 he accompanied Washington and 
Hamilton on a tour of the northern and western 
posts of the State, on their return visiting, with 
Schuyler as a guide, the High-Rock Spring at 
Saratoga. While on this trip he first conceived the 
project of a canal between the Mohawk and Wood 
Creek, which he recommended to the Legislature 
in his speech opening the session of 1791, an idea 
that was subsequently carried out to its legitimate 
end in the Erie and Champlain canals by his 
nephew, Governor De Witt Clinton. At the time 
of Shays's RebeUion, 1787, he marched in person, at 
the head of the militia, against the insurgents, and 
by this prompt action greatly aided the Governor of 
Massachusetts in quelhng that outbreak. In 1788 
he presided at the State convention to ratify the 
Federal Constitution, the adoption of which he 
opposed, believing that too much power would 
thereby pass to the Federal Congress and the 
Executive. At the first presidential election he 
received three of the electoral votes cast for the 
vice-presidency. In 1792, when Washington was 
re-elected, Clinton had for the same office fifty 
votes, and at the sixth presidential election, 1809- 
13, he received six ballots from New York for the 
12 



office of President. In 1800 he was chosen to the 
Legislature after one of the most hotly contested 
elections in the annals of the State, and in 1801 he 
was again governor. In 1804 he was elected Vice- 
President of the United States, which office he 
filled until his death. His last important public 
act was to negative, by his casting vote in the Sen- 
ate, the renewal of the charter of the United States 
Bank in 181 1 . He took great interest in education, 
and in his message at the opening session of the 
Legislature of 1795 he initiated the movement for 
the organization of a common-school system. As 
a military man Chnton was bold and courageous, 
and endowed with a will that rarely failed him 
in sudden emergencies. As a civil magistrate he 
was a stanch friend to literature and social order. 
In private life he was affectionate, winning, 
though dignified in his manner, strong in his dis- 
likes, and warm in his friendships. The vast in- 
fluence that he wielded was due more to sound 
judgment, marvelous energy, and great moral 
force of character, than to any specially high- 
sounding or brilliant achievements. — From " The 
Cyclopcedia of American Biography." 



13 



JAMES CLINTON 

Major-General in the Revolution, Member 
OF THE Constitutional Convention 

James Clinton, the father of De Witt CHnton, 
whose name is reverently cherished as the bene- 
factor to the great State of New York and the 
friend and patron of internal improvements, as 
also the brother of Governor George CUnton, was 
born in Ulster County, N. Y., on August 9, 1736. 
Very early he took a liking to the hardy exercise 
and rude sports of the backwoodsman, and when 
quite young had already made one of several 
parties of trappers and hunters. It was in these 
excursions that he learned the habits and char- 
acter of the neighboring Indians, which knowl- 
edge was of so much use to him in the subsequent 
wars. On the breaking out of the old French 
war, in 1755, he enlisted under Bradstreet, and 
was by that brave soldier made a captain the fol- 
lowing year. In 1763 he was placed in command 
of a battalion raised for home defense, and sub- 
sequently he was promoted to the rank of colonel. 

Colonel Clinton, together with his brother 
George, the Governor of New York during the 
14 



Revolution, were among the first to espouse the 
cause of the patriots and to take up arms in defense 
of their rights. In 1775 he was joined to the army 
that was to be led against Quebec, and accom- 
panied the brave Montgomery on his luckless and 
fatal expedition, and returned with the forlorn 
remnant of that devoted army. Here his qualities 
as a good soldier were put to the severest test, and 
were found equal to the emergency. 

In 1776 Colonel Clinton was elevated to the 
rank of brigadier-general. He was placed in 
command, successively, of Forts Montgomery and 
Clinton, which he was compelled to abandon to 
the enemy after a most obstinate defense. He 
barely escaped with his life, and returned to the 
headquarters of the army, where his services were 
soon after required to lead a formidable force 
against the Indians, who, under Brant and the 
infamous Butlers, were spreading devastation with 
fire and sword throughout western New York. 

In 1779 General Sullivan was ordered to pro- 
ceed against this savage foe, whose bloody cruelty 
at Cherry Valley and other places had roused the 
indignation of the country to the highest pitch. 
General Clinton was united with Sullivan in this 
expedition, but led a separate force, which was to 
unite with that of Sullivan at Tioga. After much 
labor he reached, in July, the foot of Otsego Lake, 
around whose flat shores many of the Indians 
made their homes and raised their corn. It being 
15 



X 



a very dry season, he found the outlet of the lake 
quite too shallow to allow his boats to pass. In 
this dilemma he resorted to the expedient of dam- 
ming the mouth of the outlet, which caused the 
waters to overflow the banks, and thus to destroy 
the crops which were just then reaching the milk, 
and filling the savages with astonishment, who 
could not imagine by what cause such a sudden 
flood should overwhelm them in the middle of an 
unusually dry season. When the waters in the lake 
were sufficiently swollen the obstructions were re- 
moved, and his bateaux passed triumphantly on 
the bosom of the torrent, and thus he was enabled 
to effect his junction with Sullivan at Tioga. The 
object of the expedition was fully gained, and 
Brant and his brutal coadjutors, the brothers 
Butler, with their savage auxiliaries, were utterly 
scattered and dismayed. Many unnecessary cruel- 
ties were practised, and much valuable property 
was destroyed; but this was deemed necessary to 
inspire the minds of these savage foes with a sense 
of the prowess of American arms, and to deter 
them from further bloody atrocities. Yet it mus 
forever cause the cheek of every humane American 
to tingle at the remembrance of the cruel deeds 
which were done by our fathers' hands in that 
relentless and bloody expedition. 

During the remainder of the War of the Revo- 
lution, General Clinton held his headquarters at 
Albany, and was attached to the northern army, 
16 



where he rendered very important aid in bring- 
ing to a successful issue the great struggle for 
independence. On retiring from the field of 
strife, he settled on his estates near Newburgh, 
Orange County, N. Y., where he lived many 
years in the enjoyment of the honors he had 
reaped, filling various civil offices, and highly 
respected by all who knew him. On his retire- 
ment he received the public thanks of his native 
State and the nation, and he went down to his 
grave with all his honors clustering tliick upon his 
head. He died on December 22, 1812, in the 
seventy-fifth year of his age. — From " The Amer- 
ican Portrait Gallery.'' 



17 



THE WASHINGTON LETTERS 



Washington to General Clinton, June 25, 
1776 

Three page folio. From Washington in New 
York to CHnton at Fort Constitution, giving a 
vivid picture of the diflSculty of fortifying this 
important post on the Hudson River, and of the 
paucity of necessary war suppHes. This fort was 
on an island opposite West Point, and thus blocked 
the way to Albany. 

"I observe by the Returns that your regiment is still 
extremely deficient in Arms, which is a circumstance highly 
distressing at this time — as I have no prospect of getting 
any, unless some unforeseen fortunate event should cast 
up that I know nothing of. I request you to have no de- 
pendence on me for a supply, and that you will use every 
possible method to procure what you want from the country 
people, or whensoever they can be had by pm-chasing them." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 
II 

Washington to General Clinton, June 29 
AND July 1, 1776 

One page folio. In this letter, written from 
New York only a few days before the Declaration 
18 



of Independence, Washington informs Clinton at 
Fort Constitution of the approach of the EngHsh 
fleet under General Howe, and of the necessity 
of preparing for the possible advance of the Eng- 
lish up the Hudson (North) River. 

"New York June 29, 1776. 

"Sir: The Committee inform me that no evidence has 
appeared against Fletcher Mathews, and desire his papers 
may be delivered to him, which I would have you comply 
with, likewise the request of the Conunittee of Newburgh 
and New Windsor. I have to inform you of the arrival 
of about 50 sail this day at the Hook, this is part of a fleet 
of 130 which left Halifax under General Howe the 9th Inst. 
Would have you make all possible preparation in case the 
enemy should have in view to push some of their Frigates 
up the North River, to give them a proper reception." 

"July lst| 130 sail have arrived at the Hook." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



in 

Washington to General Clinton, September 
12, 1776 

One page folio. Both George and James Clin- 
ton were stationed in the Highlands and in charge 
of the forts there, which finally fell before the 
forces of the Enghsh General Clinton on February 
6, 1777. The present letter of Washington from 
New York has to do with these important forts 
on the Hudson. The difficulty of getting labor 
and arms is apparent. At the time of the present 
letter George Clinton was keeping his eye on 
19 



British movements around New York City, while 
James was at Fort Montgomery. On p. 336, 
vol. i, of the " Clinton Papers," the letter from 
James to George Clinton is published, giving an 
account of affairs at the fort, and written on Sep- 
tember 8th, the date of General Clinton's similar 
letter to Washington. 

"Sir: I have before me your two letters of the 8th and 10th 
Inst. The first inclosing Returns of the number of men and 
Ordnance and Artillery Stores at Forts Montgomery and 
Constitution; the last, copies of two letters from the Con- 
vention of the State of New York, by which it appears they 
had ordered in 600 Militia as a reinforcement to the two 
posts, and which I hope will put them in a proper State of 
Defence. I ordered Col'I Knox to provide and forward 
the different articles wanted by you in the Ordnance De- 
partment. * * * * The Convention having ordered an 
Armourer with proper tools to be fixed at your posts, I hope 
what arms are at present out of Repair will soon be made 
fit for use. We must make every shift with our old arms 
till we can get better supplied." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

IV 

Washington to Governor Clinton, April 
26, 1777 
Two page quarto. This letter from Head- 
quarters at Morristown was written to George 
Clinton, who six days previously had been 
elected Governor of New York State. In the 
catalogue of the Appleton Collection this was er- 
roneously designated as a letter to James Chnton. 
The main part of it is printed in Sparks' (vol. iv, 
20 



p. 398), but the postscript is entirely unpublished. 
These few lines are of interest in showing Wash- 
ington's confidence in Clinton's judgment. Fre- 
quently we find him asking the more distinguished 
brother to decide whether certain instructions 
should be forwarded to James. 

"Dear Sir, I wrote you on the 23d Inst, communicating 
intelligence lately received respecting the enemy's designs 
up the North River. A letter from Gen'l. McDougall this 
moment received, places their intentions beyond the power 
of misconception. Several Transports have anchored at 
Dobbs Ferry — and mean, in my opinion, to divert our at- 
tention, if possible, from their movements towards the Dela- 
ware. At any rate they may attempt to make some inciu-sion 
into the Country back of this place, and if they can, seize 
the passes thro' the mountains, thereby aiming to cut off 
the communication between the army here, and the North 
River. To frustrate such a dis'gn effectually, I must re- 
peat my desire, that you would post as good a Body of 
Troops in the Mountains, West of the River, as you can 
collect and spare from the Garrison — this will serve not only 
to retain our possession of the passes, but will awe the dis- 
affected & protect our friends." 

"P. S. If your brother's attention is particularly con- 
fined to the posts on the River, would it not be attended 
with greater good if he would take charge of the Troops 
designed for the passes within mentioned, while you are 
confined to the Forts. If you think with me, please write 
to him on this head." 

V 

Washington to Governor Clinton, June 8, 
1777 

One page folio, giving instructions regarding the 
opposition to the advance of the English up the 
21 



Hudson River, written by Washington, at Head- 
quarters at Middle Brook, to Clinton, at Fort Con- 
stitution. Shortly afterward the fort had to be 
abandoned. 

"I have to request that you will keep as large a body of 
the Militia as you can collect, and have them in as good 
order as Circumstances will permit, in case Gen'l Howe 
should Incline up North River," etc. 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

VI 

Washington to Governor Clinton, August 
13, 1777 
One page folio. This letter from Headquarters 
in Bucks County refers to the campaign of General 
Burgoyne, whose ultimate defeat was one of the 
most cheering events of the early years of the war. 
Washington refers complimentarily to General 
Gates, who, on the other hand, seldom lost an 
opportunity to speak disparagingly of the Com- 
mander-in-Chief. This letter is printed in Sparks, 
vol. V, p. 28. 

" Dear Sir, Your vigilance in providing a proper force to 
oppose the enemy, and the alacrity with which the militia 
have assembled, afford me great satisfaction. If your efforts 
are seasonable and skillfully seconded by your eastern 
neighbours, we may hope that General Burgoyne will find 
it equally difficult either to make a further progress, or to 
effect a retreat. You are the best judge with respect to the 
length of service to be required from the militia. How- 
ever, as their assistance is a resource, which must be spar- 
ingly employed, I would have them detained no longer than 
is absolutely necessary. The excuse of want of confidence 
22 



in the general officers, which has hitherto been alleged 
by the eastern States, for withholding those reinforcements 
from the northern army, which were expected from them, 
will be obviated by the presence of IMajor-General Gates. 
The resolves of Congress, which relate to the recruiting of 
the army, will have reached you before this time, and you 
will have acted in consequence. By a resolve of the 3d 
of August, the commanding officer of the northern depart- 
ment has discretionary power to make requisitions on the 
States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, 
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. There will, 
therefore, be a concurrence of autliority in yourself and 
General Gates, which you will arrange between yourselves." 

VII 

Washington to Governor Clinton, August 
16, 1777 

Three page folio. This magnificent letter is 
one of those epistles that give evidence of Wash- 
ington's mastery of the science of war. In his 
instructions regarding manoeuvers he shows that 
psychological knowledge, which is characteristic of 
great commanders, of the emotions of soldiers. 
Apart from the importance of this letter from this 
point of view, its historical interest is noteworthy. 
Generals Howe, Stark, Lincoln, Burgoyne, and 
Schuyler are among the prominent military figures 
mentioned in this letter, which is mainly, but not 
entirely, published in Sparks, (vol. v, p. 29.) 

"Camp, at Cross Roads, 16 August, 1777. 
Dear Sir, I see, with the most sensible pleasure, the ex- 
ertions of your State, dismembered as it is, and under every 
discouragement and disadvantage. I lament, that any 
23 



causes are sufficiently powerful to prevent that effectual aid 
from your eastern neighbors, which the interest of the public 
cause, and the inunediate safety of your particular State, 
so pressingly demanded at this time. But, though it is 
dilatory in coming, I cannot but hope it will still come, 
before it is too late. I imagine one cause, and not the least 
material, of their delay, is an apprehension of Gen. Howe's 
army. It were to be wished that his designs were once 
reduced to certainty. This I should be in hopes would 
serve to remove that inactivity and indecision, which I 
believe proceed in a great measiu-e from suspense and un- 
certainty. I am however advised, that a body of New 
Hampshire militia, under General Stark, had joined General 
Lincoln at Bennington, and that another of Massachusetts 
militia was partly arrived, and the rest arriving at the same 
place. A tolerable body of men once collected there would 
make General Burgoyne anxious for his rear, oblige him 
to advance circumspectly, and to leave such strong posts 
behind, as must make his main body very weak, and ex- 
tremely capable of being repulsed by the force we shall have 
in front. I should not be very uneasy for the issue if I 
could once see our northern army recovered from their 
present dejection, and restored to a tolerable degree of con- 
fidence and animation. In addition to the two regiments, 
which are gone from Peekskill, I am forwarding as fast as 
possible, to join the northern army. Colonel Morgan's corps 
of riflemen, amounting to about five hundred. These are 
all chosen men, selected from the army at large, well ac- 
quainted with the use of rifles, and with that mode of fight- 
ing, which is necessary to make them a good counterpoise 
to the indians; and they have distinguished themselves on 
a variety of occasions, since the formation of the corps, in 
skirmishes with the enemy. I expect the most eminent ser- 
vices from them; and I shall be mistaken if their presence 
does not go far towards producing a general desertion among 
the savages. / should think it would be well, even before 
their arrival, to begin to circulate these ideas, with proper 
embellishments, throughout the country and in the army; 
and to take pains to communicate them to the enemy. It 
24 



would not be amiss, among other things, to magnify their 
numbers* I am of the opinion, with the Council of Safety, 
that your presence to the northward might have a very 
happy influence, and, if it were compatible with the many 
other calls there are and will be upon you, I could wish to see 
you with the northern army at the head of a militia of your 
State. From some expressions in a letter, which I have 
seen, written by General Lincoln to General Schuyler, I 
am led to infer, that it is in contemplation to unite all the 
militia and Continental troops in one body, and make an 
opposition wholly in front. If this be really the intention, 
I should think it a very ineligible plan. An enemy can al- 
ways act with more vigor and effect when they have noth- 
ing to apprehend for their flanks and rear, than when they 
have; and it is one of the most approved and most universally 
practiced manoeuvres of war, to keep their fears continually 
awake on these accounts, and, when circumstances permit, 
to be actually in condition to give them serious annoyance 
in those parts. Independent of the inconveniences, that at- 
tend a situation where the rear and flanke are constantly 
exposed to the insults of light parties, which may at every 
moment be harassing them; the necessity of never losing 
sight of the means of a secure retreat, which ought to be 
the object of an officer's care, must be exceedingly embar- 
rassing, where there is a force in such a position as to en- 
danger it. If a respectable body of men were to be stationed 
on the Grants, it would undoubtedly have the effects inti- 
mated above, and would render it not a little difficult for 
General Burgoyne to keep the necessary communications 
open; and they would frequently afford opportunities of 
intercepting his convoys. If there should be none there, 
he might advance with security, leaving small posts behind, 
and might draw his supplies regularly and without inter- 
ruption; than which notliing could tend more to facilitate 
his operations and give them success. These reasons make 
it clearly my opinion, that a sufficient body of militia should 

* The italicized sentences prove that for the sake of his 
country Washington could tell, or at least countenance, a lie. 
25 



always be reserved in a situation proper to answer those 
purposes. If there should be more collected than is requisite 
for this use, the surplusage may, with propriety be added to 
the main body of the army. I am not, however, so fully 
acquainted with every circumstance, that ought to be taken 
into consideration, as to pretend to do anything more than 
advise in the matter. Let those on the spot determine and 
act as appears to them most prudent. 

P. S. It is most probable that General Schuyler will have 
put it out of the enemy's power to avail themselves of the 
convenience of Water Carriage by removing all Boats out 
of their way. If however, this necessary precaution should 
not have occur'd to him, it will be proper to remind him that 
all means of facilitating their progress down the river should 
be cut off as speedily as possible." 

VIII 

Washington to Governor Clinton, July 11, 
1778 

Three page folio, from Headquarters at Para- 
mus. This is one of those important letters whose 
absence from the "Clinton Papers," purchased by 
New York State, the editor especially regretted. 
In it Washington consults Clinton at great length 
concerning the next movement of the army, and 
asks the Governor's advice as to whether he con- 
siders it more advisable for Washington to take 
up his position on the east or west side of the 
Hudson River. The references to Long Island, 
Staten Island, and New York City are all of much 
interest, while the postscript, quoting from the let- 
ter from Benedict Arnold reporting the arrival of 
the French fleet, gave the first information to the 
26 



Governor of New York of news that sent a thrill 
of new hope to the American people. The letter 
of Henry Laurens, President of Congress (dated the 
next day, July 12th), to Governor CHnton, confirm- 
ing this news, is printed in the "Clinton Papers," 
vol. iii, p. 547; but Washington's letter is missing. 
"Dear Sir, The iBrst division of the Army moved from 
hence this morning, about four miles, to give room to the 
Second. They will reach Kokiate tomorrow evening, and 
the North River the next day. I shall halt the remainder 
hereabouts a few days, to refresh the men. I am yet un- 
determined as to the expediency of throwing the Army 
immediately over the North River. I will state my reasons 
for hesitating, and shall beg to hear your sentiments upon 
the matter. 

Upon conversing with the Q. M, and Commissary General 
and Commissary of Forage, upon the prospect of supplies, 
they all agree, that the Army can be much more easily 
subsisted upon the West, than upon the East side of the 
River. The country on this side is more plentiful in regard 
to forage: and flour, which is the article for which we shall 
be most likely to be distressed, coming from the Southward, 
will have a shorter transportation, and consequently the 
supply more easily kept up. We are beside in a country 
devoted to the Enemy, and gleaning it, takes so much from 
them. Was this the only point to be determined, there 
would not remain a moments doubt; but the principal 
matter to be considered, is, (upon a supposition that the 
enemy mean to operate up the North River) whether the 
Army, being all or part upon tliis side the river, can afford 
a sufficient and timely support to the posts, should they put 
such a design in execution. 

Upon this point then, Sir, I request your fuU and candid 
opinion. You are well acquainted with the condition of 
the posts, and know what opposition they are at present 
capable of making, when sufficiently manned which ought 
in my opinion to be immediately done. After that, you will 
27 



please to take into consideration, whether any, and what 
advantages may be derived from the Army's being upon the 
East side of the River, and if there, what position would 
be most eligible. The neighbourhood of the White Plains 
after leaving sufficient Garrisons in our rear, strikes me at 
present. We have the strength of the ground, and we cover 
a considerable extent of Country, and draw forage which 
would otherwise fall into the hands of the Enemy. 

In forming your opinion, be pleased to advert to the 
necessity of keeping our force pretty much collected, for 
which side soever you may determine: For should the 
enemy find us disjointed, they may throw the whole of theirs 
upon part of ours, and, by their shipping, keep us from 
making a junction. 

In determining the above, you are to take it for granted 
that we can, should it be deemed most expedient, support 
the Army upon the East, tho' it will be with infinitely more 
difficulty than upon the West side of the river. 

By the latest accounts from New York it does not seem 
possible that the Enemy will operate any where suddenly; 
They have been much harassed and deranged by their 
march thro' Jersey, and are at present encamped upon Long, 
Staten and York Islands. 

We have this day a rumor that a French Fleet has been 
seen off the Coast, and that the EngHsh is preparing to sail 
from New York in pursuit of them. But it is but a rumor. 

P. S. I have just rec'd a letter from General Arnold at 
Philad'a. in which is the following. "An express is arrived 
to Congress from France by the way of Boston with in- 
telligence, that on the 15th of April a French Fleet sailed 
from Toulon consisting of 12 sail of the line, 7 frigates and 
"4xbecks" — which we may hourly expect to arrive in this 
or Chespeak Bay. — Admiral Keppel sailed the 24th April 
from St. Helens with 11 sail of the line." 

The above fully corroborates the account from New York, 
but I do not know that it ought to be made public yet, I 
mean as to numbers." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

28 



IX 

Washington to General Clinton, July 31, 

1778 

Two page folio. This letter from White Plains 
is another one of those epistles in which Washing- 
ton laid down general laws of the science of war, re- 
garding reconnoitering and manoeuvering against 
the enemy. [Compare letter of August 16, 1777, 
described above.] This manuscript is a communi- 
cation of instructions to General Clinton, who was 
operating around New York City, which is spe- 
cifically mentioned by Washington. THE EN- 
TIRE LETTER, EXCEPT WASHINGTON'S 
OWN SIGNATURE, IS IN THE AUTO- 
GRAPH OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON, who 
was then aide-de-camp to the Commander-in- 
Chief. 

" Sir, With the detachment under your command, which 
is to comprehend the Corps now advanced with Col'l. 
Morgan, you are to move towards Kings Bridge and the 
Enemy's hues thereabouts. — 

The principal objects in view are, to cover the Engineers 
and Surveyors, while they reconnoiter and as far as time 
will permit, survey the ground & roads in your rear, and 
in front of the Camp — to countenance and encourage that 
spirit of desertion which seems so prevalent at present — 
to discover, if possible, those unfriendly, and ill disposed 
inhabitants who make a practice of apprehending, and con 
veying within the Enemy's line such deserters from their 
Army as happen to fall into their hands and with such 
witnesses as are necessary to elucidate the facts send them 
to the Head Quarters of this Army — and lastly to try 
29 



v_^; — -.; _ -:--__ - ~>v ha^ Bpc© the 



Wierl 



30 



the next eight letters form an 
unpublished series having to 
do with the sullivan-clinton 
ca:mpaign against the Indians, 
the following paragraphs in 
italics are from the second 
volume of john fiske's 'amer- 
ican revolution. " 

The popular reputation of Brant as an incarnate 
demon rests largely upon the part ivhich he was 
formerly supposed to have taken in the devasta- 
tion of Wyoming. But the "monster Brant,'' who 
figures so conspicuously in Campbeirs celebrated 
poem, was not even present on this occasion. Tha- 
yendanegea (Brant) was at tJiat time at Niagara. 
It was not long, however, before he was concerned in 
a bloody affair in which Walter Butler was princi- 
pal. The village of Cherry Valley, in central New 
York, was destroyed on November lOth by a 
party of 700 Tories and Indians. All the houses 
were burned, and aboid 50 of the inhabita}its mur- 
dered without regard to age or sex. Many other 
atrocious things were done in the course of this year; 
but the affairs of Wyoming and Cherry Valley made 
a deeper impression than any of tlie others. Among 
the victims there were many refined gentlemen and 
ladies, well known in the Northern States, and this 
was especially the case of Cherry Valley. 

Washington made up his mind that exemplary 
31 



vengeance must be taken^ and the source of the evil 
extinguished as far as possible. An army of 5,000 
men was sent out in the summer of 1779, vnth in- 
structions to lay waste the country of the hostile 
Iroquois and capture the nest of Tory miscreants 
at Fort Niagara. The command of the expedition 
was offered to Gates, and when he testily declined it, 
as requiring too much hard work for a man of his 
years, it was given to Sullivan. To prepare such 
an army for penetrating to a depth of 400 miles 
through the forest was no light task ; and before 
they had reached the Iroquois country. Brant had 
sacked the town of Minisink and annihilated a force 
of militia sent to oppose him. Yet the expedition 
was well timed for the purpose of destroying the 
growing crops of the enemy. The army advanced 
in two divisions. The right wing, under General 
James Clinton, proceeded up the valley of the Mo- 
hawk as far as Canajoharie, and then turned to 
the southwest; while the left wing, under Sullivan 
himself, ascended the Susquehanna. On the 22d 
of August the two columns met at Tioga, and one 
week later they found the enemy at Newtown, on 
the site of the present town of Elmira, — 1,500 Tories 
and Indians, led by Sir John Johnson in person, 
with both the Butlers and Thayendanegea. In the 
battle which ensued, the enemy was routed with 
great slaughter, while the American loss was less 
than fifty. 



32 



X 

Washington to General Clinton, November 
16, 1778 

One page folio. This letter from Headquarters 
at Fredericksburg contains instructions concerning 
the retaliatory measures of the American army 
after the terrible Cherry Valley Massacre. It is 
referred to in a letter of the same date from 
Washington to General Hand, beginning: "I have 
yours of the 13th, containing the disagreeable ac- 
count of the attack upon Colonel Alden's regi- 
ment at Cherry Valley. I have ordered General 
Clinton, with the two remaining regiments of his 
brigade, to march immediately to Albany, that 
they may be ready to act as circumstances may 
require. It is in the highest degree distressing to 
have our frontier so continually harassed by this 
collection of banditti, under Brant and Butler." 
(Sparks, vol. vi, p. 111.) The present letter is 
unusual in having a smudged signature of Wash- 
ington, showing the impression of his thumb. 

"Sir, I request that you will, as soon as possible after 
the receipt of this, proceed with the remainder of your 
Brigade to Albany. If Col'l. Hay the Qr. M'r. can furnish 
vessels for transporting the troops, without breaking in 
upon those that will be necessary for crossing such part of 
our Army as will soon go to Jersey and the Convention 
Troops now on their way to Virginia, it will be much better 
than for you to proceed by land. You will consult him upon 
the occasion. The enclosed copy of a letter to Gen'l. Hand 
will point out the cause of your movement — and you will 
33 



consider it as instructions for your conduct, as you will 
have the command. — In writing to him it was only intended 
that matters should be getting in train," etc. 
ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XI 

Washington to General Clinton, November 
20, 1778 

Two page folio, from Headquarters at Fred- 
ericksburg, containing further instructions in re- 
gard to the campaign against the Indians. Being 
franked, this letter has two signatures of Wash- 
ington. 

"Dear Sir, Upon the receipt of this letter you will be 
pleased to proceed immediately to Albany, or the place to 
which General Hand may have gone: — previously, however 
directing the two Regiments of your brigade to follow you, 
in case they have not already set out, and to wait your orders 
at Albany. 

General Hand received my directions to take the Com- 
mand at the Minisink in which I have, (for the present) 
included Col'l. Cortlandt's Regiment, now at Rochester. 
You will deliver him the inclosed letter, left open for your 
information, in which I have desired a free conununication 
of sentiment, and co-operation of force — You will therefore 
consult with General Hand, on the plans he may have in 
contemplation, whether offensive against the Indians, or for 
giving greater security to the frontiers," etc. 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



34 



XII 

Washington to General Clinton, December 
31, 1778 

Two page folio. From Philadelphia, with spe- 
cial instructions regarding General Schuyler, the 
gallant New York general, whose trial before 
Congress was mainly due to the petty jealousy 
of General Gates. Washington's compassionate 
nature is manifest in the line, " I always hear of 
capital executions with concern." This letter has 
two signatures of Washington, being franked by 
him. 

"Sir, I have been favoured with your letter of the 5th 
inst. and with yours & Gen'l. Hands' of the 20th ult. The 
one you mention of the 20th never came to hand. 

As the impediments which suspended General Schuyler 
from command are now removed by an honorable acquittal 
I have written him a line upon the subject of his resuming 
it, in the Department where he now is for the present. If 
this event takes place, you will till some new arrangement or 
disposition is made consider yourself under his directions 
and receive orders from him accordingly. 

With respect to Major Whiting's apphcation to be re- 
lieved — I have mentioned the matter to General Schuyler 
and he will give such orders about it, as circumstances will 
permit and justify. I have also mentioned to him the case 
of Lt. Jonas Parker, and requested him to obtain a state 
of the Officers of the Regiment — of the vacancies and the 
periods when they happened, — and to transmit it to the 
Board of War, who are to issue all commissions in future. 

I always hear of capital executions with concern, and 
regret that there should occur so many instances in which 
they are necessary. — Aaron Williams appears to have de- 
35 



served the fate he met with — and the service, from the num- 
ber of desertions you mention in the York line, to have 
pointed to his early punishment." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XIII 

Washington to General Clinton, January 
19, 1779 

Two page folio. This letter from Headquarters 
in Philadelphia is" especially interesting in con- 
nection with the campaign against the Indians. 
The Americans had gained the tribe of the Oneidas 
as allies, and the latter, fearing the attack of the 
other Indian Nations, had requested General 
Schuyler to build a fort for them. A portion of 
Washington's letter follows: 

" When I return to camp I shall direct that cloathing be 
sent up to Albany for the men in Hospital at that place, and 
I must beg your care in having it delivered out as is wanted. 

You may have such a number of snow shoes made as you 
may judge necessary to answer the purposes you mention. 
The officer who was sent down to procure Cloathing for 
Warner's Reg't. and Whitcomb's Rangers has obtained an 
order for it from the Board of War upon the Store at 
Springfield, from whence he will send it to the Quarters of 
those troops. 

Inclosed you have an order upon the Comnaissary of 
Military Stores at Springfield for such quantity of ammuni- 
tion as you may judge necessary for the supply of the troops 
under your command. 

You will be pleased to give directions to the officers com- 
manding the out posts to supply any of the friendly Indians 
with provision whenever they shall be obliged to fly to them 
36 



for security from the Enemies. The Oneidas have lately 
applied to General Schuyler to have a picket Fort built in 
their country should they find the other Nations inclined to 
put their threats in execution against them for their steady 
adherence to our Cause. I laid Gen'l. Schuyler's letter to 
me on the subject before Congress and they have directed 
that the Fort be built upon apphcation to have it done. 
You will, therefore be pleased to take the execution of the 
matter upon you should the Indians request it." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



XIV 

Washington to General Clintton, January 
25, 1779 

Two page folio. This letter from Philadelphia 
contains reference to the fort built for the Oneidas, 
the Indian allies of the Americans (see preceding 
letter). There is also definite reference to the 
destruction of the Cherry Valley settlement — the 
massacre which this expedition of Sullivan and 
Clinton was destined to avenge. 

" Dear Sir: I have received your favors of the 9th and 13th 
inst's. In my last of the 10th I informed you that it was the 
desire of Congress that a Fort might be built for the Oneidas 
if they requested it — and I am therefore glad that you have 
ordered that work to be executed. — I also at that time en- 
closed an order upon the Commissary of Military Stores at 
Springfield for what ammunition you might think necessary 
for the troops under your command. — 

General Schuyler in a letter of the 2d inst. ; mentions the 

importance of a settlement called Bumets Field near the 

German Flats — and advises that part of the Troops now at 

Cherry Valley be removed to that place — as Cherry Valley 

37 



settlement is so nearly destroyed that it is scarcely an object 
of another attack — while that of Biirnets field is of so much 
consequence towards keeping up the Communication with 
Fort Schuyler that the enemy will in all probability direct 
their next blow at it, unless there is a force there to oppose 
them. Be pleased therefore to take the matter into con- 
sideration, and endeavor to make such a disposition as will 
secure a place of so much value. Under present circum- 
stances I would not have you send the Rifle Corps down — 
if they have not received their full cloathing, let the Com- 
manding oflScer make a return of the deficiency, and it 
shall be sent up to them." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



XV 

Washington to General Clinton, May 28, 
1779 

Two page folio. This letter from Headquarters 
at Middle Brook goes into some details in connec- 
tion with the campaign. It is interesting to com- 
pare the present letter with the instructions of 
Washington to General Sullivan (Ford's " Writings 
of Washington," vol. vii, p. 460). In our letter, 
the reference to the Onondagas in connection with 
Brant, the Mohawk chief, throws added light on 
the relation between these two tribes. The letter, 
being franked, has two signatures of Washington. 
EXCEPTING THESE SIGNATURES IT IS 
ENTIRELY IN THE AUTOGRAPH OF 
ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 

" Sir, I have duly received your favours of the 17th, 18th 
and 20th — with their enclosures. The intelligence com- 
38 



mimicated to Mr. Deane is impoi^nt — I have transmitted 
it to General Sullivan. 

Lieutenant Colonel Regnier will inform you that he is 
appointed sub-inspector agreeable to your recommendation. 
I wish however your influence to be exerted to have a brigade 
inspector appointed, as Lieut't. Col'l. Regnier cannot answer 
the purpose longer than while your Brigade remains detached. 
I shall be happy if Major Fish will accept, as he acquitted 
himself with great credit in the office last campaign; and 
there is now a still more ample field for the exercise of 
Military talents. 

In Mr. Deanes letter of the 9th, he mentions the determina- 
tion of the Onondagas to give some decisive proof of their 
desire to conciliate our friendship. If they can be engaged 
by strategem or force, to bring off Butler or Brandt, or both, 
it will be a most essential piece of service which will meet 
with suitable encouragement. I recommend this to your 
particular attention. 

I am informed by Mr. Mitchell and Colonel Hay, that the 
packet you are apprehensive of having mis-carried was sent 
to General Schuyler, which is the cause of the delay. I hope 
ere this it has reached you. 

As our preparations in this quarter are now nearly ready 
to enter upon the intended operations to the Westward — 
I hope you have gotten everything in readiness at Cana- 
joharie, as mentioned in yoiu* former instructions, to execute 
without delay the order you shall receive from General 
Sullivan. If anjiJiing remains to be done it ought to be 
completed with all expedition." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



XVI 

Washington to General Clinton, June 2, 
1779 

Two page quarto. Washington realized the im- 
portance of this war on the frontier, but had to 
39 



leave its direction practically entirely to the two 
generals in charge. The right wing, under Stan- 
ton, went up the valley of the Mohawk as far as 
Canajoharie, then turning southwest; while Sulli- 
van took the left wing up the Susquehanna. At 
the date of this letter Washington was not sure of 
Clinton's plans. 

" Dear Sir, I have to acknowledge your favour of the 23d 
May. 

The taking of two light three pounders in place of the 
artillery of the brigade, as you propose will depend entirely 
on the place of your junction with General Sullivan. If on 
the Susquehannah there will be no necessity to carry any 
artillery whatsoever, as General Sullivan has made adequate 
provision. If the other route is determined on I have no 
objection to your moving with these two pieces. 

I do not conceive much danger from letting the mortar 
remain in Albany. Should I find that it can be employed 
I shall give orders on the subject. 

If Major Wright and the officers you mention have be- 
haved up to the spirit of their parole; and there are no reasons 
to suspect them; it might be as well to continue their in- 
dulgence. — But should it be otherwise you will have them 
properly restricted." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XVII 

Washington to General Clinton, June 10, 
1779 

Two page folio. This letter from Smith's Clove 

continues Washington's suggestions contained in 

his preceding letter in connection with the junction 

of Clinton's forces with those of General Sullivan. 

40 



THE LETTER, EXCEPTING WASHING- 
TON'S OWN SIGNATURE, IS ENTIRELY 
IN THE AUTOGRAPH OF ALEXANDER 
HAMILTON. THE LETTER RETAINS 
WASHINGTON'S SEAL. 

" Sir, I have received your two favours of the 20th of May 
and 6th of June. I hope before this you will have received 
instructions from General Sullivan, respecting the precise 
line of conduct you are to observe. Whether your destina- 
tion shall be up the Mohock River or to form a junction in 
the first instance with the main body at the Head of Sus- 
quehannah, is a point I have left to him to decide and to 
give you directions accordingly. But as the preparations 
on the Susquehannah are completed and the main body all 
in motion towards Wyoming it is essential you should be 
ready to move either way at the shortest notice. Should 
there be any delay on your part, when you are required to 
commence your operations, the consequences may be very 
disagreeable. I therefore leave it with you to make what- 
ever further preparations you think necessary to enable 
you to comply with a sudden call. The Quarter Master 
is directed to consult you and execute your orders. The 
providing teams or pack horses beforehand depends on the 
ease or difficulty of procuring them in a hurry — I leave it 
to you to do as you think proper; and I expect that you will 
be at all points prepared, instantly to comply with the orders 
you may receive from General Sullivan, for the purpose of 
a perfect cooperation either way. 

In respect to what Col'l. VanSchaik mentions of his being 
deficient in the means of rewarding the Indians for their 
services, if he should mean only a want of money, you will 
give him a warrant on the pay master for the necessary sum. 
If he means articles of cloathing &C. you will be pleased to 
make an application to the Commissioners for Indian affairs 
who I dare say will do every thing in their power to supply 
him." 
ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

41 



XVIII 

Washington to Governor Clinton, June 24, 
1779 

One page folio. This letter from New Windsor 
is not alone of much historical interest but of 
importance as evidence (if indeed such further 
evidence is needed) of the original source of these 
letters. While this letter is not published in the 
Clinton volumes and is missing from the manu- 
scripts bought by the State of New York, the en- 
closure which ivas sent with it and is referred to in 
this letter was preserved, and is printed in the 
Clinton volumes (vol. v, p. 95). In it General 
Greene gives a vivid and interesting account of the 
repulse of the English at Charlestown. General 
Pulaski had arrived at Smith's Clove on the 7th. 
On the 11th the English attacked Charlestown. 
According to Greene they "left 653 upon the 
ground," while the Americans lost but two men 
in the action. 

"Dr. Sir, That I might be more convenient to the works 
at West Point, I removed my quarters to this place on 
Monday last. I have only to add upon this subject that I 
shall be happy to see your Excellency here, as often as your 
leisure will permit. 

There has been no official account received from Charles 
Town as yet that I know of; but I have no doubt but that 
there has been an action there, and that the issue has been 
in our favour. The inclosed is a copy of a letter I just 
received from General Greene, in which the affair is so 
42 



particularly related that it is hardly possible it can be 
destitute of foundation. I trust we shall have in a few days 
the fullest confirmation." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



XIX 

Washington to Governor Clinton, June 28, 
1779 

One page folio, with extract of letter to General 
Sullivan, two page folio, and draft of Governor 
Clinton's answer to Washington, on third page. 
Letter franked by Washington, and Washington's 
seal in perfect condition. These items relate to 
General Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. 
The letter of Wasliington to Sullivan is published 
in Sparks, vol. vi, p. 275. The Clinton letter to 
Washington, written on the third page of Wash- 
ington's letter to Clinton, which is entirely unpub- 
lished, adds greatly to the value of this item. 

(Washington's letter;) 

"Head Quarters, New Windsor, June 28th, 1779. 
" Dr. Sir, I have the honor to inclose you an extract from 
my letter of the 21st to Gen. Sullivan by which you will 
perceive I have informed him that Lieut. Col. Pawhng with 
a part of his command will join Gen. Clinton at Ononquaga 
and proceed on the ulterior operations of the expedition. 
As you left the matter to my determination whether the party 
should return or proceed on the Western ser\ace after effect- 
ing the primary object I have preferred the latter as the 
safest. By some intelligence from Canada rceived through 
Col. Hazen concurring with what Col. VanSchaick com- 
43 



municated some time since, it is said that 1500 men were 
sent early in the spring to the posts on the Lakes. Though 
I don't give intire credit to this account, yet as it may be 
true, I am willing to strengthen the expedition as much as 
possible, to avoid an accident. I am to request your Ex- 
cellency will give directions to L't. Col. Pauling accord- 
ingly-" 

(Gov. Clinton's answer.) 

"Pokeepie, 1st July, 1779. 
" Dear Sir, I have rec'd. your Excellency's letter of the 20th 
ult. I have already given Col. Paulding Directions to make 
every necessary preparation and be in perfect readiness to 
march with the Troops under his Command on the shortest 
notice and that his men might be properly provided I have 
barely intimated to him in Confidence that he was to form 
a Junction and continue with the Troops destined for the 
Western Expedition as soon as I shall be advised of the 
period most proper for him to march, I will give him orders 
agreeable to your Excellency's report. From a letter I 
rec'd from Col. Hay I have drawn to apprehend that the 
want of money in the Qu'r. Mr's. Department may prevent 
his supplying this detachment with what may be necessary 
to enable them to move in season." 

(Instructions to Gen. Sullivan.) 

" Extract of a letter to Major General SuUivan dated Head 
Quarters, Smiths Clove, 21st June, 1779: 

"On the 19th your favor of the 12th came to hand. I am 
sorry that you are like to be disappointed in the independent 
Companies expected from Pennsylvania, and that you have 
encountered greater difficulties than were looked for. I 
am satisfied that every exertion in your power will be made 
and I hope your eventual operations will be attended with 
fewer obstacles. I have had a conversation lately with his 
Excellency, Governor CHnton. He informs me that not- 
withstanding the interruption given by the movements of 
the Enemy up the River, a Body of Troops under the 
44 



command of L't. Col'l. Pauling will still be ready for the 
proposed cooperation, two hundred of these being engaged 
for a more permanent service, after effecting the first object 
will meet General Clinton at Ononquaga and proceed with 
him to join you. It was the Governor's intention to con- 
duct this business in person; but as the end may very well be 
answered by another, and as his presence here to influence 
the Militia on any emergency may be essential, I have ad- 
vised him to decHne the Command of the party. L't Col'l. 
Paulding is a very good Officer." 

We see from this that Governor CUnton was to 
have led the forces that joined his brother's in 
this expedition, but was advised by Washington 
not to assume command. This letter is of much 
interest in connection with the unpublished series 
of letters concerning Sullivan's campaign, from 
Washington to General Clinton, described above. 

XX 

Washington to Governor Clinton, October 
4, 1779 

Six page folio, enclosing a resolution from 
Congress, one page foho. This lengthy letter 
from West Point was written during one of the 
most depressing periods of what John Fiske 
calls "a year of disasters." Washington's appeal 
to New York State for men and for commodities 
is strikingly made in this letter. The Count 
D'Estaing, with the French fleet, was off the 
coast of Georgia preparing to combine with 
General Lincoln in the attempt to recapture 
45 



Savannah. The attempt failed disastrously (Oc- 
tober 9th) and Washington had to give up his idea 
of attacking New York with the aid of D'Estaing. 
A six-page, unpublished Washington war letter 
is an excessive rarity. Washington's communica- 
tion to Governor Clinton of his plan to attack New 
York (occupied by Sir Henry Clinton) is interest- 
ing in connection with the special regret expressed 
by the editor of the " Clinton Papers " concerning 
"the absence of one or two letters in which it 
seems he (Washington) must have stated some 
grand movement against the enemy, but which is 
not disclosed in George Clinton's answers assuring 
him of hearty and strong cooperation." Clinton's 
reply to this very letter is in the Clinton volumes 
(vol. Vy p. 317), but this letter is missing j and en- 
tirely unpublished. A few excerpts follow : 

"Sir, I have the honor to enclose your Excellency the 
Copy of a resolution of Congress of the 26th September, by 
which you will perceive they expect the arrival of his Ex- 
cellency Count D'Estaing, and that I am directed to pursue 
measures for cooperating with him, and to call upon the 
several States for such aid as shall appear to me necessary 
for this important purpose. In compliance with these 
directions, I have made an estimate of the force of IVIilitia 
which wiU be indispensable, in conjunction with the Con- 
tinental Troops and have apportioned this force to the 
neighboring States according to the best judgment I am 
able to form of their respective circumstances and abil- 
ities. 

The number I have to request of the State of New York 
is two thousand five hundred. In forming this estimate, I 
assure your Excellency I have fixed upon the smallest num- 
46 



ber which appeared to me adequate to the exigency, on 
account of the scantiness of our suppHes, and I think it my 
duty exphcitly to declare that the cooperation will altogether 
depend on a full compliance with these requisitions. 

If I am so happy as to attain the whole number demanded 
a decisive stroke may be attempted against New York with 
a reasonable prospect of success. If the supply falls short 
the disappointment will inevitably produce a failure in the 
undertaking. In this case, Congress and my Country must 
excuse a want of enterprise and success of which the want of 
means will have been the unfortmiate cause. If the honor 
and interst of the States suffer from thence, the blame must 
not be imputed to me. 



These difficulties were sufficient to deter me from the 
plan I mean to pursue, were I not convinced that the mag- 
nitude of the object will call forth all the \agor of the States 
and inspire the people with a disposition to second the plans 
of the Governors, and give efficacy to the measures they 
adopt. I doubt not our resources will be found fully adequate 
to the undertaking if they are properly exerted — and when 
I consider the dehcacy of the Crisis— and the importance of 
the object to be attained— I cannot doubt that this will be 
the case. On one side — the reputation of our Councils & 
our Arms and an immediate removal of the War present 
themselves, on the other — disgrace and disappointment — 
an accumulation of expense — loss of credit with our allies 
and the world — loss of confidence in ourselves — the exhaust- 
ing our magazines and resources— the precipitated decay 
of our Currency and the continuance of the War. Nor will 
these evils be confined to ourselves: oiu- allies must share in 
them, and sufler the mortification of having accomplished 
nothing to compensate for withdra^ving their operations 
from a quarter where they had a right to expect success and 
for exposing their own possessions to hazard in a fruitless 
attempt to rescue ours. 

From the accounts received we are hourly to look for the 
appearance of the French Squadron on this Coast— the 
47 



emergency is pressing — and all our measures ought to be 
attended with suitable expedition. Every moment is of 
infinite value," etc. 

The resolution of Congress, ivhich Washington 
enclosed to Clinton, is as follows : 

"In Congress Sept. 26th, 1779. 

Resolved — That copies of the letters from Mons'r. Plom- 
bard to Mons'r. Gerard of the 5th and 8th of Sept. inst. 
communicated by General be also informed of the intention 
of our ally that the armament under Count D'Estaing shall 
operate against the enemy in these United States; and that 
General Washington be authorized and directed to concert 
and execute such plans of cooperation with the minister 
plenipotentiary of France or the Count as he may think 
proper. 

Whereas Congress have received authentic information 
of the arrival of Count D'Estaing with a powerful fleet to 
cooperate with these United States; and whereas by the 
vigorous exertions of the said States the allied forces may be 
enabled to strike an important blow against the enemy. 

Resolved that it be most earnestly recommended to the 
several States to furnish General Washington with such aid 
as he may require of them respectively as well by detach- 
ment from their Mihtia as by providing that the allied 
armaments in the United States be speedily and effectually 
furnished with ample supplies of bread & other provisions 
& that the most vigorous exertions be made for that pur- 
pose." 

THIS RESOLUTION IS ENTIRELY IN 
THE AUTOGRAPH OF, AND SIGNED BY, 
CHARLES THOMSON, SECRETARY OF 
CONGRESS. 



48 



XXI 

Washington to General Clinton, May 30, 
1780 

Four page folio. This letter from Headquar- 
ters at Morristown has to do with the movement 
of the enemy from Canada and the defense of 
Fort Schuyler. 

"I informed you yesterday morning that I had received 
certain advices that a body of the enemy from Canada, 
computed at about five hundred under Sir John Johnson, 
had penetrated into the state of New York by way of the 
Mohawk River, as far as Johnstown, and seemed as if they 
were about to take Post there, and that there were other 
accounts received through prisoners who had escaped from 
Canada, that a larger force than this was assembling at 
Montreal about the last of April, intended as it was said, 
to make an expedition against Fort Schuyler," etc. 

The above is only the first paragraph of a long 
and interesting letter which may be found printed 
in full in Sparks, vol. vii, p. 63. 

XXII 

Washington to General Clinton, June 10, 
1780 

One page folio. It is interesting to compare 
this letter with that written by Washington, on 
the same day, to General Howe, in which he says, 
*' Use all possible vigilance and caution. It is not 
improbable Clinton's brigade may shortly reen- 
49 



force you" (Ford's "Writings of Washington," 
vol. viii, p. 308). At this time the British were 
eager to capture West Point. Early in July, 1780, 
Benedict Arnold asked for the command at West 
Point in order to betray this stronghold. Wash- 
ington, unsuspecting his brilliant general, con- 
sented. 

Head Quarters, Heights above Springfield. 
"Dear Sir. From the accounts which I have received 
from the Northward, I am in hopes there will be no occasion 
for your advancing beyond Albany. I put this letter under 
cover to the Lieut. Governor with a desire to forward it to 
you, in case the information he may have received of the 
retreat of the enemy will justify your recall. In such case, 
you will retm-n with the utmost expedition to the West 
Point and put yourself under the Command of General 
Howe or General Heath should he have arrived from Boston 
— From the present apprehensions of the designs of the 
enemy you will be pleased to use every exertion to reach 
West Point should it be determined by the Legislature that 
you may come down the River." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XXIII 

Washington to General Clinton, October 
28, 1780 

Two page folio. This letter, written from Head- 
quarters at Preakness, N. J., is of importance, as 
it contains Washington's appointment of General 
Clinton to chief command at Albany and on the 
Frontier. The main part is published (Sparks, 
vol. vii, p. 279), but the interesting postscript is 
50 



unpublished. The words "turn over" (to this 
postscript) are in Washington's autograph, and 
the letter, being franked, has two signatures of 
Washington. 

"Sir. As it is necessary there should be an officer in 
whom the State has confidence to take the general direction 
of affairs at Albany and on the Frontier, have fixed upon 
you for this purpose, and I request you will proceed to 
Albany without delay and assume the conomand. You will 
be particularly attentive to the post of Fort Schuyler and 
do everything in your power to have it supplied with a good 
stock of provision and stores; and you will take every other 
precaution the means at your command will permit, for the 
security of the frontier giving me the most early advice of 
any incursions of the enemy. I inform General Heath of 
your appointment. 

Turn Over 

P. S. (on 2nd page) 

I have been informed a great number of Arms have been 
delivered at Albany — by whose Order, or to whom I know 
not — but presume they are in the hands of the Mihtia, and 
more than probably by order of Col. Van Scaick or Col. 
Malcolm. — I beg that every possible means may be used to 
recover them to the public; and no more be delivered to 
Militia." 



XXIV 

Washington to General Clinton, December 
19, 1780 

Two page folio. In this letter from Head- 
quarters at New Windsor, Washington refers to an 
application he has just made to Governor CUnton 
regarding those citizens who were employed in the 
51 



works under General Clinton. A portion of the 
letter follows: 

"Upon a representation made to me by Mr. Shephard the 
Armourer at Albany, I have applyed to the Governor for 
an exemption from military duty, for those citizens who are 
employed in the Works, and I do not doubt he will grant it. — 
Mr. Shephard mentions that the Works want many repairs 
to render them convenient to carry on the business during 
the Winter. — ^You will be pleased to direct the Quarter 
Master to give him every assistance in his power, and I shall 
be obliged to you, for paying yom- attention to a matter of 
so much consequence as having the damaged Arms repaired. 
— You will also enquire every now and then into the State 
of that Provision at Fort Schuyler and take every oppor- 
tunity of keeping the supply two or three Months at least 
beforehand." 
ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XXV 

Washington to General Clinton, May 4, 
1781 

Three page foUo. The importance of Fort 
Schuyler in connection with the defense of the 
Frontier was keenly appreciated by Washington, 
and in this unpubUshed letter from New Windsor 
we find him going to the extreme of suggesting 
resorting to "military coertion," if necessary, in 
order to obtain food for the garrison of this fort. 
The letter, being franked, has two signatures of 
Washington. 

"Instantly on the receipt of your letter of the 16th ult. 
(which came to hand in two days from the date) I dis- 
patched a copy of it to Congress; enforcing thereby the 
52 



pointed representations, and earnest solicitations, I was 
making at that moment, respecting the supplies of the Army: 
how far Congress will be able to devise ways & means for 
immediate relief, or induce the States to comply with their 
former requisitions, I cannot determine — but in the mean 
time every possible exertion should be used, to obtain bread 
from this State, and meat from the Countries of Massa- 
chusetts most contiguous to you — and where persuation, 
entreaty, & requisition fail of success, Military coertion 
must be made use of. 

Rather than the Garrison of Fort Schuyler should fall; 
and the Frontier be again desolated and laid waste, I am 
persuaded the State will make a great effort to afford a 
supply of flour for the Troops in that quarter. — And I con- 
fess I see no other alternative, under our present circum- 
stances," etc. 
Entirely Unpublished. The body of this letter 
is in the autograph of Col. David Humphreys, as 
are several of the other letters in this collection. 

XXVI 

Washington to General Clinton, May 7, 
1781 

Three page foUo. This letter, which after 
three days followed the preceding letter, shows 
to what extremity Fort Schuyler had come. In it 
Washington gives Clinton such encouragement as 
is possible. The nobility of his words to the hard- 
pressed commander are characteristic of the hero 
of Valley Forge. We shall reserve for the pur- 
chaser of this collection the pleasure of printing 
this, and others, of the unpublished letters in 
full, giving here merely the concluding paragraph. 
53 



"I should therefore advise, that the Garrison of Fort 
Schuyler should hold out to the last extremity, and I have 
no doubt of your still continuing, to use your unremitting 
exertions, thro' every possible difficulty, and embarrassment, 
to succor that Garrison, and to avert the disasters and 
calamities we have but too much reason to apprehend, from 
the present Temper of the Troops & complexion of our 
affairs in that quarter. Under these circumstances, should 
the worst evils take place, that may be dreaded, you will 
have the pleasing consciousness of having faithfully per- 
formed your duty to the public, and may rely upon the entire 
approbation and esteem of 

Dear Sir 
Your Most Obedient Humble Servant 

Geo. Washington." 

Entirely Unpublished. Compare Washing- 
ton's letter of same date to Governor Clinton 
("Clinton Papers," vol. vi, p. 848), in which 
Washington refers to this very letter to James 
CKnton. The present letter, being franked, has 
two signatures of Washington. 



XXVII 

Washington to General Clinton, June 5, 
1781 

Three page quarto. This letter of instructions 
from New Windsor regarding the defense of New 
York State is printed in full in Sparks, vol. viii, 

p. 67. 

"New Windsor, 5 June, 1781. 
Dear Sir, In my letter of the 28th ultimo, I informed you 
of the succours you might expect, if necessary. The six 
companies of Van Schaick's regiment have since sailed 
54 



Hazen's will follow tomorrow. I have now to communicate 
my sentiments in general, respecting the disposition and ap- 
plication of this force. 

It is clearly my opinion, that the reinforcements lately 
ordered to the northward should be kept together as much 
as circumstances will admit, or at least so near as to be 
speedily assembled upon an emergency; as it is not certain 
or probable, that they will be continued permanently in that 
quarter, and as they are designed while there to strike the 
enemy, should they be so presumptous as to attempt to 
penetrate into the Country. It also appears to me that the 
force on the Hudson & Mohawk Rivers ought not to be 
so widely scattered as formerly, but stationed in as compact 
a manner as may be, except such light parties as occasion 
may require to be kept out. By distributing the Troops, 
with a view of protecting every inch of ground, the eflScient 
force is dissipated and lost, and the several posts are so 
weakened as to invite the enemy to enterprise. I wish you 
therefore to concentre your strength as much as possible 
at the points you may judge most expedient, to form a plan 
of defence for the frontier, and to transmit to me the result 
of your determination." 

* Note by Sparks: "In the letter of the 28th he had prom- 
ised the six companies of Van Schaick's regiment. 

In another letter, dated the 16th of June, the above orders 
were in part countermanded, so far as to direct General 
Clinton to keep these forces more compact than the first 
orders might imply, since it was to act with the main army 
in the expected operations against New York." 



XXVIII 

Washington to General Clinton, June 10, 
1781 

Three page folio. At this period the most 
important fighting was going on under General 
55 



Greene in the South, but it was of much conse- 
quence to prevent the enemy from gaining con- 
trol of the northern frontier, and thus getting in a 
position to sweep New York State. The follow- 
ing letter, from Headquarters at New Windsor, 
being franked, has two signatures of Washington. 

"Dear Sir, In consequence of repeated intelligence from 
tbe Northward, that the enemy were assembled in force, to 
make an incursion on our frontier, I ordered Col. Hazen's 
regiment and the six companies of Col. Van-Schaick's to 
Albany: since which I am informed that the number of the 
enemy was inconsiderable, and that those Troops, are sup- 
posed to have been drawn together near the frontier for the 
purpose of enabhng their Recruits from among us, to join 
them, with more safety and facihty, than they could have 
done without such a protection. — If this is the fact — it is to 
be regretted the Reinforcements was sent, at a time when 
every man was exceedingly wanted here, and when the 
absence of such a corps, will be a great impediment to our 
preparations, and may be a considerable obstacle to the 
success of the operations in contemplation. — ^The Troops 
may however remain until further orders; but I would have 
them, (agreeably to my Letter of the 5th inst.) keep so near 
together and in such constant readiness for a movement, 
that they may be withdrawn at a moment's notice. 

I hope before this time, the distresses of your Troops for 
provision, are relieved — ^The salted meat at Springfield is 
ordered on, (if you are still in want) possibly it may be 
expedient to take some measures with the Quarter Master, 
at that place, to avail yourself of this supply. Mr. Phelps 
will also furnish a proportion of the beef cattle procured in 
that State. — ^At the same time let me recommend to you, 
in the most earnest manner, that the greatest economy 
should be practised in the distribution and consumption of 
provision; especially that you would attend minutely to the 
issues of it. and have such eflFectual checks established, as 
5Q 



to prevent a single Ration from being issued to any person 
whatever, who is not properly entitled to it — A similar regu- 
lation for the Army is under consideration, and will be im- 
mediately adopted." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XXIX 

Washington to General Clinton, June 30, 
1781 

Two page folio. This letter from Peekskill is 
of much interest. In a letter of the same date to 
Governor Chnton, Washington refers to the orders 
given in this very letter. To Governor Clinton, 
Washington writes in confidence of his attempt 
to surprise the British posts on the north end of 
York Island : " I have, upon a hope that we shall 
succeed, ordered Brig. Gen'l. CHnton to send 
down the regular troops immediately" (Sparks, 
vol. viii, p. 89). Washington had great faith 
in Governor Chnton and admitted him into his 
confidence in connection with several important 
secret plans of this nature. 

"On the receipt of this you will instantly put the three 
Reg's, of Continental Troops imder your Command, in 
motion for West Point. You will be pleased to have a 
sufficient number of vessels for transports immediately 
procured by hire or impress; and forward the Troops by 
Regiments or Detachments of Regt's. as soon as possible. 

It will be necessary for you to remain a little time, to 

make arrangements respecting the Le\aes and Mihtia who 

are to supply the place of the regular Troops, and to give 

General Stark, upon his arrival at Saratoga (where he will 

57 



establish his Head Quarters) every information which will 
be necessary for the advantage and safety of his future 
command." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



XXX 

Washington to General Clinton, July 9, 
1781 

Two page quarto. The most interesting par- 
agraph in this very interesting war letter from 
Dobbs Ferry has to do with Vermont. On ac- 
count of the unfair way in which it had been 
treated in connection with the land controversy 
with New York State, Vermont had declared its 
independence in January, 1777; but New York 
succeeded in getting Congress to disclaim the in- 
tention of recognizing Vermont as a separate State. 
It will be noted that in this letter Washington 
speaks of " the people of Vermont," not the State. 
Only a few weeks later (August, 1781), Vermont 
sought admission as a State in the Union. New 
York gave up its opposition, but the Southern 
States maintained that the admission of Vermont 
(whose laws forbade slavery) would destroy "the 
balance of power" between the two sections of 
the confederacy, and Vermont had to wait till a 
Southern State could simultaneously be brought 
into the Union. 

The following is only a short part of Wash- 
ington's letter: 

58 



"I can give no countenance to any Cartel which may 
have been settled between the people of Vermont and the 
Governor of Canada, and so I lately informed Mr. Chit- 
tenden by an officer sent down by him to me. I wish there 
may not be other business transacted, under the cover of 
Flags from Vermont to Canada, besides the exchange of 
prisoners," etc. 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XXXI 

Washington to General Clinton, July 24, 
1781 

Three page quarto. It will be remembered 
that General Clinton was at this time in command 
of Albany. This letter from Dobbs Ferry is full 
of instructions, the most interesting of which was 
the order to withdraw the Continental soldiers, and 
leave the defense of the frontier between New York 
State and Canada to the militia. 

"Sir, I have received your letter of the 10th. I am very 
sorry to hear the disturbance which took place in the 1st 
Reg't. especially as the Reg't. had just sent on a sum of 
money for the pay of your Brigade — unluckily it seems to 
have missed them. On receipt of their money, this murmur 
I hope will be quieted. 

So long as the 2d Regiment remains in Albany, I approve 
your keep'g up Gen. Schuyler's Guard to the number you 
mention — The Militia will soon arrive; the guard will then 
be fm-nished for them, and the Continental Soldiers must be 
withdrawn. Whenever you come down with the 2d Regt. 
you will collect every man of the old Reg't that you possibly 
can (except the Comp A of Artillery) & bring down with 
you — ^The Frontier must be left to the defence of the Militia. 

You will continue to hold everything in the most perfect 
59 



readiness to move down with the remainder of the Troops, 
on the shortest notice — Whenever the Militia begins to ar- 
rive you will give me immediate information. 

The Fort at Herkemers, for want of workmen, not being 
like to be completed, and but a small comparative force 
perhaps to be left in that neighborhood, the heavy cannon 
and stores there may be insecure. I have therefore thort 
best they should be removed to Albany, reserving only such 
kinds and quantity as may be absolutely needed for the 
defence of the posts in that quarter. — as you will probably 
be removed from Albany before the stores can be sent down, 
I have written to Col. Willet on the subject and put the 
matter under his direction. * * * * 

P. S. On removal of so large a quantity of stores and 
cannon as will probably be sent down to Albany, Capt. 
Moody's whole Company of Artillery will not be wanted on 
the frontier. You will therefore order such number as you 
shall find necessary to continue — and the remainder you 
will direct to join the Army below." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



XXXII 

Washington to General Clinton, August 
16, 1781 

One page folio. Investigation shows this letter 
from Dobbs Ferry to be of peculiar interest. In 
a letter of the same date to General Schuyler 
(Sparks, vol. viii, p. 129), Washington congratu- 
lates Schuyler on having escaped capture from 
four men who had the boldness to attempt to 
seize him in his own house. Schuyler's clever ruse 
by which he frightened the men away is recounted 
in a footnote in Sparks (p. 129). Washington's 
60 



letter to Schuyler refers to his instructions (in the 
present letter to Clinton) to leave a small guard 
of men to protect Schuyler from any such further 
attempts. 

"I have been duly favored with your letter of the 19th 
inst. announcing the arrival of General Stark to take Com- 
mand in the Northern Department and informing that the 
State Levies were coming in, and the IVIihtia from the east- 
ward hourly expected. 

You will be pleased therefore on the receipt of this to 
embark the remaining Companies of Col. Cortland's regi- 
ment, and proceed immediately \N-ith them to King's Ferry 
where you may expect to receive further orders. * * * * 
P. S. You will be particularly careful not to leave any 
men behind except a non-commissioned officer and a small 
guard of your weakest men with Gen'l. Schuyler." 
ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 

XXXIII 

Washington to Governor Clinton, January 
22, 1782 

Five page foHo. This important "circular 
letter" to the Governors of the thirteen States 
shows how great were the many difficulties which 
confronted Washington, even after the victory of 
Yorktown. The war did not end till 1783, and 
these two years were years of financial worry. 
The postscript of this letter is unpublished. 

" Circular 

Philadelphia, 22 January, 1782. 
Sir, Although it may be somewhat out of my pro\'ince 
to address your Excellency on a subject not immediately 
of a mihtary nature, yet I consider it so nearly connected 
61 



with, and so essential to. the operations under my direction, 
that I flatter myself my interference will not be deemed im- 
pertinent. Upon applying to the Superintendent of finance 
to know how far I might depend upon him for the pay, feed- 
ing, and clo th ing of the army for the current year, and for 
the sums nec-essary to put it and keep it in motion, he very 
candidly laid open to me the state of our moneyed affairs, 
and conTinced me, that although the assistance we had de- 
rived from abroad was considerable, yet it would be by 
no means adequate to our expenses. He informed me 
further, that, to make up the deficiency, the States had been 
called upon by Congress for eight millions of dollars for 
the service of the year 178'-2, and showed me the copy of a 
circular letter from himself to the several legislatures, in 
which he had so fully and clearly pointed out the necessity 
of a compliance with the requisition, that it is needless for 
me to say more on that head, than that I entirely concur 
with him in opinion, so far as he has gone into the matter. 
But there are other reasons, which could not be so well 
known to him as they are to me, as having come under my 
immediate observation, and which, therefore, I shall take 
the liberty to mention. Yom* Excellency cannot but re- 
member the ferment, into which the whole army was thrown 
twelve months ago for the want of pay and a regular supply 
of clothing and provisions: and with how much difficulty 
they were brought into temper, by a partial supply of the 
two first, and a promise of more regular supphes of all in 
future. Those promises the soldiery now begin to claim; 
and, although we shall be able to satisfy them tolerably in 
respect to clothing, and {jerfectly in regard to provisions, 
if the financier is enabled to comply with his contracts, yet 
there is no prospect of obtaining pay, until a part of the 
money required of the States can be brought into the public 
treasury. You cannot conc-eive the uneasiness, which arises 
from the total want of so essential an article as money, and 
the real difficulties in which the officers in particular are 
involved on that account. The favorable aspect of our 
affairs, and the hopes that matters are in train to afford 
them rehef, contribute to keep them quiet; but I cannot 
62 



answer for iiie effects €i a disappointment. £nat4ing tibe 
financier to cxxapty with his c»ntract3 is a matter of the 
utmost consequence; the very existence of the army depends 
upon it Should he fail in his payments, the contract ceases, 
and there is no altonative left, but to di^nd or Irre upon 
the seizure of the ne^ibouring prt^ierty. The saving to 
the public, by feeding an army by contract, is too weO 
known to need any illustration, aiKl that akne ocig^ to be 
a sujfficiart inducement to the States to find the means of 
adhering to it It will perhaps be urged, that the sran 
called for is immense, and beyond the at^lity of comii c y to 
pay. There is one j^ain answer to that objectmi, dioald 
it be made. It is. that, if the war is carried on, a certain 
expense must be incurred, and that such evppn^ most be 
drawn from the peo|^ either by a partial cruel, and I may 
say illegal seizure of tiie property, whidi Kes most cwi- 
venioit to the army, » by a regular and equitable tax in 
money or specific artides. McKiey, if it can be [Kocared, 
is to be preferred, because it is notber liaUe to waste, nor 
is it expensrre in the mode <rf coDecticn or transporta- 
tion. Whreas I think I may Toiture to say, that a great 
p9X)p(xtxm of the specific articles has been wasted after 
the pet^^ have furnished them, and that the traospn-- 
taticNQ akHie of what have reached ibe army has in num- 
berless instances cost more than the vafaie of the artides 
th^nselves. 

To bring this war to a speedy and haj^y cooch^on must 
be the fervent wish of every lover of his country; and sore I 
am that no means are so likefy to effect tiiese as y^oroas 
Ix^qiaratiGais tat anodier rampajgn Whether, then, we 
consult our true intaest, substantial eocwMsnT, or »>und 
pc^cy, we shall find, that relaxation and lai^Qor are of all 
things to be avoided. Conduct <rf that kind on oar part will 
I»oduce fresh hopes and new exerticms on that of the enemy; 
wherry the war, which has already hekl out beyond the 
general expectation, may be protracted to such a lei^th, that 
tiie pet^ile, groanii^ undo- the burthoi c^ it. and deqjairing 
of success, may think any change a cfaai^ for the better. 
I win dose with a request that voor E x pe fl en c y wiO be good 
63* 



enough to take the first opportunity of laying these senti- 
ments before the legislature of your State. 

From the attention, which they have ever been pleased to 
pay to any former requisitions or representations of mine, 
I am encouraged to hope, that the present, which is equally 
important with any I have ever made, will meet with a 
favorable reception. 

P. S. The return of troops called for by Resolve of the 
10th of December, is collecting and will be forwarded very 
soon. The remote situation of some of the Corps has made 
it a tedious business, but such is the nature of it that an 
accurate return cannot be digested untill the return of all 
the Legionary Corps and those of artillery are obtained that 
credit may be given for the men serving in them." 

XXXIV 

Washington to General Clinton, December 
14, 1782 

One page folio. Even after the critical period 
of the war was passed, and the victory of the 
American cause practically achieved, Washington 
was as careful of details as in the most doubtful 
years of the conflict. This is evidenced in the 
following letter from Headquarters in Philadel- 
phia. 

"Dear Sir. Yom- favor of the 6th reached me yesterday. 
I am sorry that you find the old Hutts of the Jersey Line 
destroyed, but as that mode of cantonment seems to be 
absolutely necessary not only for safety but for the preserva- 
tion of discipHne, I must leave it to you to fix upon the 
nearest piece of ground suitable for the purpose, with only 
this general direction, that it be as near as possible to the 
entrance of the Ringwood Clove — should the distance from 
the entrance be such as to require it, you may build a guard 
64 



house for a subaltern's Command at some convenient place 
in the gorge of the mountains to intercept straglers and sus- 
picious persons. You will make yourself acquainted with 
the country leading towards the enemy and take such pre- 
cautions for your security as may be necessary." 

ENTIRELY UNPUBLISHED. 



XXXV 

Washington to Governor Clinton, June 21, 
1783 

Fifteen page folio. This voluminous "cir- 
cular letter" was addressed to the Governors of 
all the States. It was written by Washington on 
disbanding the troops on his retirement from the 
command of the army. KNOWN AS THE 
"ADDRESS FROM NEWBURGH," IT 
RANKS NEXT IN IMPORTANCE OF ALL 
WASHINGTON'S WRITINGS TO HIS 
FAREWELL ADDRESS ON RETIRING 
FROM THE PRESIDENCY. This copy, sent 
to the first Governor of what has become the 
greatest State of the Union, is of special interest. 
A few excerpts follow: 

" (Circular.) 

"Head Quarters Newburgh, June 21, 1783. 
Sir, The great object for which I had the honor to hold an 
appointment in the service of my Country being accomplished, 
I am now preparing to resign it into the hands of Congress, 
and to return to that domestic retirement, which it is well 
known I left with the greatest reluctance, a retirement for 
which I have never ceased to sigh through a long and painful 
absence, and in which (remote from the noise and trouble 
65 



of the world) I meditate to pass the remainder of life, in a 
state of undisturbed repose : But before I carry this resolu- 
tion into eflFect, I think it a duty incumbent on me, to make 
this my last official communication, to congratulate you 
on the glorious events which Heaven has been pleased to 
produce in our favor, to offer my sentiments respecting some 
important subjects which appear to me to be intimately 
connected with the tranquility of the United States, to take 
my leave of yom* Excellency as a public Character, and to 
give my final blessing to that Country, in whose service I 
have spent the prime of my life, for whose sake I have con- 
sumed so many anxious days and watchful nights, and whose 
happiness, being extremely dear to me, will always con- 
stitute no inconsiderable part of my own. * * * * 

There are four things, which I humbly conceive are 
essential to the well being, I may even venture to say to the 
existence, of the United States as an independent power 
* * 1st. An indissoluble Union of the States under one 
federal Head. 2ndly. A sacred regard to public Justice. 
3dly. The adoption of a proper Peace Establishment, 
and 4thly. The prevalence of that pacific and friendly 
disposition among the people of the United States, which 
will induce them to forget their local prejudices and policies, 
to make those mutual concessions which are requisite to the 
general prosperity, and in some instances, to sacrifice their 
individual advantages to the interest of the community. 

These are the pillars on which the glorious fabrick of our 
Independancy and National Character must be supported — 
Liberty is the basis — and whoever would dare to sap the 
foundation or overturn the Structmre under whatever specious 
pretexts he may attempt it, will merit the bitterest execra- 
tions and the severest punishment which can be inflicted 
by his injured Country. 

For my own part, conscious of having acted, while a 
servant of the pubhc, in the manner I conceived best suited 
to promote the real interests of my country, having in con- 
sequence of my fiixed belief, in some measure, pledged my- 
self to the Army that their Country would finally do them 
compleat and ample Justice and not wishing to conceal any 
66 



instance of my official conduct from the eyes of the world, 
I have thought proper to transmit to your Excellency the 
inclosed collection of papers relative to the half pay & com- 
mutation granted by Congress to the Officers of the Army. 
From these communications my decided sentiment will be 
clearly comprehended, together with the conclusive reasons 
which induced me, at an early period, to recommend the 
adoption of this measure in the most earnest and serious 
manner. As the proceedings of Congress, the Army and 
myself are open to all and contain in my opinion sufficient 
information to remove the prejudices and errors which may 
have been entertained by any, I think it unnecessary to say 
anything more, than just to observe, that the resolutions of 
Congress now alluded to, are undoubtedly as absolutely 
binding upon the United States, as the most solemn Acts of 
Confederation or Legislation. As to the idea, which I am 
infonned has in some instances prevailed, that the half pay 
and commutation are to be regarded merely in the odious 
light of a pension, it ought to be exploded forever — that 
provision should be viewed as it really was, a reasonable 
compensation offered by Congress at a time when they had 
nothing else to give to the Officers of the Army for services 
then to be performed. It was the only means to prevent a 
total derehction of the Service — it was a part of their hire, 
I may be allowed to say, it was the price of their blood and 
of your Independency — it is therefore more than a common 
debt, it is a debt of honor — it can never be considered as a 
pension or gratuity nor be cancelled until it is fairly dis- 
charged I have thus freely disclosed what 

I wished to make known, before I surrendered up my publci 
trust to those who committed it to me — the task is now ac- 
complished I now bid adieu to your Excellency, as the 
Chief Magistrate of your State, at the same time I bid a 
last farewell to the cares of Office and all the employments 
of public hfe. It remains then to be my final and only 
request, that your Excellency will communicate these senti- 
ments to your legislature at their next meeting and that they 
may be considered as the legacy of one who has ardently 
wished on all occasions to be useful to his Country and who 
67 



even in the shade of retirement will not fail to implore the 
divine benediction upon it." 

Sparks : " The Legislatures^ that were sitting when this 
letter was received, passed resolves highly honorary to the 
Commander-in-Chief; and the Governors of the States wrote 
letters to him expressing thanks and gratitude for his long, 
devoted, and successful services in the cause of his country." 

THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT 
WASHINGTON LETTER IN EXISTENCE. 



68 



WASHINGTON'S WAR MAP 

A MANUSCRIPT MAP MEASURING 3 
FEET 8i INCHES BY 2 FEET 1 INCH, 
MOUNTED ON LINEN AND BEARING 
THE FOLLOWING INSCRIPTION : 

'* A Map of part of the States of 
New York and New Jersey 
Laid down chiefly from Actual Surveys re- 
ceived from the Right Honble LD. STIRLING & 
others and Dehniated for the use of His 
Excehj. GENL. WASHINGTON 
by ROBt. ERSKINE f.r.s. 1777." 

This map was sold in the same sale as the letters 
of General Washington to the CUntons described 
in the preceding pages. The catalogue did not 
mention that not only was the map drawn jor 
General Washington but that it was considerably 
added to by the General himself. Many names 
in that portion of New Jersey bounded on the N. 
by the Shawganmunk Mountains on the W. by 
the Delaware River, on the E. by Morristown 
69 



and the S. by Trenton, are in the handwriting of 
George Washington. Beyond this, many roads 
are dotted in, in the same colored ink, possibly 
also by Washington. His writing is a very fa- 
mihar one when seen in its usual size but the ex- 
treme smallness of the characters upon the map 
acted as an effectual disguise to the cataloguer. 
Curiously enough we purchased a few days before 
the sale a book which was formerly in the posses- 
sion of George Washington, and bearing upon the 
title page his autograph. The pedigree of the 
book is well known, a matter of record in the 
work upon Washington's books, issued by the 
Boston Athenaeum, and elsewhere. While in 
Washington's possession or previously, one of the 
maps had been torn out. A copy was drawn in 
sepia, lettered in ink and inserted by General 
Washington in his book. The handwriting upon 
the war map and upon the map in the book is 
exactly the same. Shape and size of the letters, 
color of the ink, the joining of some letters and 
separation of others are identical. A study of 
both maps will convince anyone capable of mak- 
ing the comparison that the same person executed 
the writing and that that person was George 
Washington. As the book and map illuminate 
one the other, the latter has been added to the 
collection and is described as the next item. 
Some of the localities added to the war map by 
the General are as follows: 
70 



Andover Furnace Moravian Mill 

Johnston Mill Cugh's F[orks] 

Verbryck's Mill Gerritse's Tavern 

Sourland Meeting House Hopewell 
Baptist Meeting House Gardner Fort 
Squires' Point Grig's T[avern] 

A reference to Baker's invaluable " Itinerary of 
George Washington " shows that on June 22. 1778 
the army advanced toward Hopewell, after break- 
ing camp at Valley Forge, arriving there on the 
24th. A council of war was held and, after ob- 
jections by Charles Lee, it was decided to attack 
the enemy. The battle of Monmouth was the 
result. The routes are all plainly marked on the 
present map, as are all those used by the Amer- 
ican army in the various movements before and 
after the encampment at Valley Forge. It is the 
most important item of its kind which has sur- 
vived from the Revolutionary period and of the 
highest value in elucidating the history of the War 
for Independence. 



WASHINGTON'S BOOK 

VALLANCEY (Captain Charles). An Essay 

on Fortification, with a Supplement, containing 

Marshal Saxe's New System of Fortification, and 

construction of Wooden Forts. Translated from 

71 



the French. 16 folding copper-plates. 8vo, old 
calf. Dubhn, 1757. 

George Washington's copy, with his autograph 
on the title-page. Preserved in a handsome pull- 
off case. 

The original map facing page 6 is missing but 
it has been supplied by a drawing by General 
Washington himself, making the book of far 
greater value. The lettering on the map is in 
precisely the same hand as on the war map noted 
above. We shall be glad to point out to interested 
collectors many small autographic details which 
prove beyond doubt Washington's handwriting 
on both maps. 



72 



mn la ii9G? 



■w 




